Most types of cameras are using the same video chip. Sony and Sharp are the leading manufacturers for the video chips. Some of the manufactures uses the same electronic circuit to capture video but add various type of technology to improve the captured image.
The difference between the types of cameras is only the housing, the lens, and the power it requires to operate.

Night vision cameras - there are 3 ways to improve video in low light.
1) Color cameras switch automatically to black and white during low light to improve the image quality and for sharp image.
2) WDR which automatically balances the contrast in different areas of the picture to view dark areas, same way as you changes the contrast in your TV screen. It is not very effective but is more expensive.
3) Infra Red - uses Infra Red (IR) LED's that make a light in a frequency that the human eye cannot see and the camera can, therefore it is not required to have hi power IR light to view in the dark using camera than to view the same object using regular light. The number of the LED’s and the power of each LED determines the distance of the captured image.

Bullet camera - are small, and very popular. Most of them are weather proof and day / night capable. They are not vandal proof. They are very popular in outdoor applications because of their shape it’s easy for the manufacture to design it with IR and weatherproof. Very few of them have also heater on the lens to defrost ice from the lens in extreme weather conditions where the lens is exposed to rain or snow.

Dome Cameras - are popular in indoor applications because of their shape they blend into the ceiling or the wall they are attached to. Some of the dome cameras are available in black or white to fit the surrounding colors. Even though most of them are not weather proof or night vision, some are vandal proof and can take a hit from a hammer up to 5 lbs.

Hidden camera - can be found in a variety of shapes from smoke detector to a teddy bear. None of them is night vision because even though the IR light is not seen to the human eye but when the led’s are on, their color is red - pink and can be detected if looking at them.

Box Camera - have advantage over other types of cameras because the lens can be changed easily, that gives you the ability to set the zoom exactly to the object you want to capture. For example they are good to capture register cash machines as you can capture the keys and the screen and avoid theft by employees. They are mostly used indoor but can be used outdoor as well if placed in weather proof housing. Housing for extreme weather conations is also available as they have built in heater and cooling fan deepens on the temperature.

Pan Tilt Zoom - have the same chip used in all the cameras mentioned above but have also remote control which enable you to change the position and zoom in when viewing in real time into the object. They also have a programmed or automatic mode where they can aim at a predefined location for predefined time and move to the next programmed point when an operator is not available. These cameras are not very popular because they are very expensive and most effective when they are operated by an operator.

Wireless vs. wired - wired cameras have better quality image transferred to the receiver just because there is nothing that can lower the quality if not exceeding 500 ft of cable, but an amplifier solves the problem.
Wireless is more sensitive to noise from outside such as telephone, wireless routers, electronic devices that produce electromagnetic waves such as refrigerator or air-condition. They also can be detected by hackers that can capture the video with a wireless receiver, it is not encrypted. They also limited in their range and the structure of the building they are in. Commonly used for hidden and spy cameras where it cannot be detected.
Wireless has two parts transmitter and receiver. The transmitter is with the camera itself. It translates the image to radio frequency and the receiver which is by the Digital Video Recorder is translating back from radio frequency to video and it goes into the DVR to capture the video. Wired cameras do not have transmitter and receiver as they use they don't need to translate between video and radio signal.